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Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning () (26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was Chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic from 1930 to 1932. He was the longest continuously serving Chancellor of the Weimar Republic (not including Adolf Hitler, who served from 1933 until 1945 and abolished the Republic shortly after his appointment as Chancellor). Shortly after Brüning took office he was confronted by an economic crisis caused by the Great Depression. Brüning responded with tightening of credit and a rollback of all wage and salary increases. These policies increased unemployment and made Brüning highly unpopular, losing him support in the ''Reichstag''. Invoking President Paul von Hindenburg's constitutional powers, Brüning established a so-called presidential government, basing his administration's authority on presidential emergency decrees which were instituted without prior consent of the ''Reichstag''. Brüning remains a controversial figure in Germany's history. His use of emergency decrees and ambivalent policies toward the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP), at times opposing them and at other times cooperating with them, contributed to the demise of the Weimar Republic. ==Early life and education== Born in Münster in Westphalia, Brüning lost his father when he was one year old and thus his elder brother Hermann Joseph played a major part in his upbringing. Although brought up as a devout Catholic, Brüning was also influenced by Lutheranism's concept of duty, since the Münster region was home to both Catholics, who formed a majority, and Prussian-influenced Protestants. After graduating from Gymnasium Paulinum he first leaned towards the legal profession but then studied Philosophy, History, German and Political Science at Strasbourg, the London School of Economics and Bonn, where, in 1915, he received a doctorate for his thesis on the financial, economical and legal implications for nationalizing the British railway system. Historian Friedrich Meinecke, one of his professors at Strasbourg, had a major influence on Brüning. Volunteering for the infantry, he was enlisted despite the army's concern about his shortsightedness and physical weakness, and served in World War I from 1915 to 1918. He rose to lieutenant in infantry regiment No. 30, ''Werder Graf'', and company commander by the end of the war. He was cited for bravery and awarded both the second and first class Iron Cross.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Heinrich Brüning )〕 Despite having been elected to a soldiers council after the 1918 armistice Brüning did not approve of the German Revolution of 1918–1919 which ended with the establishment of the Weimar Republic. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Heinrich Brüning」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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